yacht/ship/boat/vessel 各種船艇的差別

 

1. 基本文法說明
Yacht 是做娛樂用途的「遊艇、快艇」,它通常有帆,且有引擎,而不是單靠風力推進。
Boat是指以「帆、漿為動力的小船」。如:Pleasure Boat (遊樂船),Sport Fishing Boat(海釣船),Patrol Work Boat (工作巡邏船)。常見片語為「in the same boat / all in the same boat」,意即「同處窘境」之意。如: Do not be so hard on Amy.  After all, we are all in the same boat. (別對艾蜜百般刁難。畢竟我們都面臨相同的困境)。Don’t be so hard on somebody 意指「別為難某人」,「別給某人難堪」。

Ship是指大艘的船,如跨越海洋的貨輪container ship/containership。又如:Geophysical Survey Ship (觀測船),Sight-Seeing Ship (觀光船)。
Vessel原意是「容器」,而這裡指的是「大艘的船、艦」。如:Supply Vessel(補給船)。除此之外,vessel也可以指「血管」。如:blood vessel (血管)。

此外boat與yacht可以作動詞用。Boat是「乘船、以船載物」之意,但極少用。而ship是「以船運輸」之意,如:How much should we pay if we ship the goods to Australia? (把貨物運到澳洲需要多少錢?)

2. 錯誤發生情況及修正練習
仔細看看下列的句子,哪裡出了錯?又該如何修正?
A. Over five hundred participants signed up for the ship race. (X)
五百多人報名參加遊艇競賽

B. The souvenirs we bought were so heavy that we had to vessel it back home. (X)
紀念品太重所以我們必須把它海運回家

C. I can relate to your embarrassment for, actually, we are in the same yacht. (X)
我可以體會你的尷尬,事實上,我們面臨著同樣的窘境。

D. Cholesterol will do harm to blood boats. (X)
膽固醇將對血管產生傷害

3. 錯誤修正及解釋正確的句子如下:
A.  Over five hundred participants signed up for the ship race. (X)
Over five hundred participants signed up for the yacht race. (O)
五百多人報名加遊艇競賽
解說: 「遊艇競賽」就是比速度的競賽。Yacht即為「遊艇、快艇」之意,而ship是「大艘的船」,不適合做競速用途。

B.  The souvenirs we bought were so heavy that we had to vessel it back home. (X)
The souvenirs we bought were so heavy that we had to ship it back home. (O)
紀念品太重所以我們必須把它海運回家
解說:
Vessel不做動詞用,所以vessel it back home是不正確的用法。Ship當動詞用時,為「海運、以船運輸」之意。

C.  I can relate to your embarrassment for, actually, we are in the same yacht.  (X)
I can relate to your embarrassment for, actually, we are in the same boat.  (O)
我可以體會你的尷尬,事實上,我們面臨著同樣的窘境
解說:
片語「be in the same boat」是字面上是「在同一艘船上」,而引申出來的意義即為「同處窘境」之意。沒有「be in the same yacht」的用法。

D.  Cholesterol will do harm to blood boats. (X)
Cholesterol will do harm to blood vessels. (O)
膽固醇將對血管產生傷害
解說:
Vessel是「容器,船隻」的意思,此外,它可有「血管」的意思。Blood vessels即作「血管」解。Boat是「小船」的意思。

 

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yard/ court/ field/ ground 「院子、法庭、球場、地面」的差異

 

1. 基本文法說明
Yard是「院子」的意思,在住家旁供養花蒔草的一塊土地,也可以指一個「露天的工作場地」,如:coal yard煤炭場/ wood yard木材工坊/ builder’s yard建築堆場/ scrap yard報廢場/ lumber yard伐木場/ ship yard造船場…等。此外,yard可以當做長度單位「碼」(=0.9144米)。

Court是「庭院」的意思,通常指的是幾棟建築物相圍成的一塊地,例句如,Is the violin recital going to be held in the court? (小提琴獨奏將在庭院舉辦嗎?) 此時的court等同於courtyard.  Court也可以當作「法庭、球場」的意思。如:the Supreme Court最高法院/ tennis court網球場。

Field是「草地、耕地」之意。如:Ken has to walk past three kilometers of rice paddy fields to go to school. (肯必須走過三公里的稻田區才能到學校)。Field也可指一個「運動用地」,如:hockey field (曲棍球場)/ rugby field (橄欖球場)/ football field (足球場)/ playing field (操場)/ exercise field (運動場)…等。

Ground是「地面、土地」之意。如:Sara accidentally dropped the mug onto the ground. (莎拉不小心將馬克杯摔落在地。) The power plant will be built on the derelict ground outside the city. (發電廠將蓋在城市外的一塊荒地上。)  Ground也當作「理由、原因」,如:Lily has no grounds to trust Jasmine’s innocence. (莉莉找不到相信茉莉清白的理由。)  Ground亦可作動詞用,當作「禁足、擱淺」解。如:Katie is grounded for one month by her parents because she came back home past midnight yesterday. (因為凱蒂昨天晚上過了午夜才回家,她被父母親給禁足一個月)。

2. 錯誤發生情況及修正練習
仔細看看下列的句子,哪裡出了錯?又該如何修正?

A. All the ships you see here are made at the ship court in southern Taiwan. (X)
這裡所有你看見的船,都是在台灣南部生產的

B. The Supreme Field at downtown Taipei is near MRT Xi-Men station. (X)
台北市區的最高法院就在捷運西門站附近。

C. There are many people jogging on the exercising ground. (X)
有許多人在運動場上慢跑。

D. Peter was yarded by his parents for he messed up his mid-term exams. (X)
因為期中考考砸了,彼得被他的父母親禁足。

3. 錯誤修正及解釋正確的句子如下:
A.  All the ships you see here are made at the ship court in southern Taiwan. (X)
All the ships you see here are made at the ship yard in southern Taiwan. (O)
這裡所有你看見的船,都是在台灣南部的船塢生產的
解說:
Yard可以當作「露天的工作場地」之意。而「船塢」就是一個「(造船的)露天工作場地」。Court是「法院、球場、庭院」之意,沒有這句子裡所要的意思。

B.  The Supreme Field at downtown Taipei is near MRT Xi-Men station. (X)
The Supreme Court at downtown Taipei is near MRT Xi-Men station. (O)
台北市區的最高法院就在捷運西門站附近。
解說:
Field指的是「草地、耕地、大的運動用地」之意。這組比較字中,唯有Court可指「法庭」。

C.  There are many people jogging on the exercising ground. (X)
There are many people jogging on the exercising field. (O)
有許多人在運動場上慢跑。
解說:
Ground是「地面、土地」之意,它沒有「運動場所」的意思。而field就是一個「場所」的概念,可以指「運動場所」,如football/ hocky field足球場、曲棍球場。

D.  Peter was yarded by his parents for he messed up his mid-term exams. (X)
Peter was grounded by his parents for he messed up his mid-term exams. (O)
因為期中考考砸了,彼得被他的父母親禁足。
解說:
Ground當動語時,有「禁足」之意,be grounded 就是「被禁足」。Yard當動詞用時,有「圍在工作場中」之意,但極為少見。

 

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yearn/long/desire 不同的「熱切渴望」

 

  1. 基本文法說明

Yearn是「熱切渴望」之意,尤其是對很難得到的東西,它是一個不及物動詞。例如,The businessman yearns for his lost capital. (那位商人很渴望尋回他失去的資金。)

Long是「很想要某樣東西」的意思,譯作「渴望,非常地想要」。常用的句型有「long to + 動詞」外,還有「long for + 名詞/動名詞」,且常用於進行式中。如:Susan is longing to get admitted to the graduate school. (蘇珊很想要考進那家研究所。) Leo longs for a luxurious villa. (里歐渴望擁有一棟豪華的別墅。)

Yearn和long都是動詞,而desire可以當動詞,也可以作名詞用。Desire是「渴望」之意,它較為正式。如,The language institute desires to provide the best courses for its students. (這家語言中心想要提供最好的課程給學生。) 此外,desire也可以當作「要求」解。如:What did the teacher desire you to do? (老師要求你做什麼? )

Desire作名詞時,可以是「desire to 原形」,也可以是「desire for V-ing」。如:His desire to win the first prize is impressive. (他想奪第一的渴望很令人印象深刻。) The desire for peace is heatedly discussed in the summit meeting. (在高峰會中,對於和平的渴望受到熱烈地討論。)

2. 錯誤發生情況及修正練習
仔細看看下列的句子,哪裡出了錯?又該如何修正?
A. The old man longs for the chance to relive his youth. (X)
那位老人渴望重過一次他年輕的三月

B. John desires to beat the other participants in the speech contest. (X)
約翰渴望打敗演講比賽的其他參賽者。

C. The long for a sound preschool education is still unsatisfied. (X)
對完善的學齡前教育的渴望仍然未獲滿足。

3. 錯誤修正及解釋正確的句子如下:
A.  The old man longs for the chance to relive his youth. (X)
The old man yearns for the chance to relive his youth. (O)
那位老人渴望重過一次他年輕的歲月
解說:
動詞「long」與「yearn」都有「渴望」的意思,但「yearn」特別適用於「難得到的東西」。句中「老人的年輕歲月」即具有「難得到、不能得到」的特質,故用yearn更為合適。

B.  John desires to beat the other participants in the speech contest. (X)
John longs to beat the other participants in the speech contest. (O)
約翰渴望打敗演講比賽的其他參賽者。
解說:
Desire與long皆有「渴望、很想做某件事」之意,但「desire」屬於較正式的用字。而例句的語氣為比較輕鬆、口語,故選用long較為合適。

C.  The long for a sound preschool education is still unsatisfied. (X)
The desire for a sound preschool education is still unsatisfied. (O)
對完善的學齡前教育的渴望仍然未獲滿足。
解說:
Long雖然有「渴望」的意思,到值得注意的是,它不能當「名詞」用,故「The long for..」是錯誤的用法。這組字義比較中,唯desire可當名詞使用,意思仍為「渴望」。

 

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yet/however/otherwise 「然而、儘管如此」的區別

 

1. 基本文法說明
However當副詞時,是「然而、儘管如此」的意思,得特別注意的是,此時因為不是連接詞,所以不能用來連接兩個句子。故句子如: He is smart however he does not work hard. (X) (他很聰明,但不努力。) 是不正確的。應改成He is smart. However, he does not work hard. (O)才對。However也可以當連接詞,其意思是「無論如何,不管用什麼方法」,例句如:However you do not like me, it does not matter. (無論你多麼不喜歡我,真地不很重要。)

Yet當連接詞時,是「不過、然而」的意思,如:I speak ill of Katie, yet I still sympathize with her. (雖然我講凱蒂的壞話,我仍然同情她。) Yet也當副詞來加強語氣,如: yet more(更加地多)/ yet another(再多一個的)/ yet again(又一次),如:Although Mary has ten dresses, she wants to buy yet another one. (雖然瑪麗已經有十件洋裝,但是她還要再多買一件。) [注意:中文說「雖然…但是」,although 和but卻不可以放在一起用,用although,就省略but]。 Yet當副詞也有「尚未」的意思,如:I have yet finished my homework. (我尚未完成我的家庭作業。)

Otherwise當連接詞是「否則」的意思,如:Listen to my advice; otherwise, you will be regretful. (聽我的建議,否則你會後悔的。) Otherwise當副詞時是「以別的方法,用不同的方式、在其他方面地」,如:When everyone thinks that Bill is the murderer, all the evidence indicates otherwise. (當每個人都認為比爾是罪犯的同時,所有的證據都指出他並不是。)

2. 錯誤發生情況及修正練習
仔細看看下列的句子,哪裡出了錯?又該如何修正?
A. Yet Kin likes to take a trip to Europe, still, her finances does not allow her. (X)
無論金恩多麼地想去歐洲,她的經濟情況仍不允許她去
B. The boss purchased however another notebook because the price was really low. (X)
那位老闆又買了一台筆記型電腦,因為那價錢實在很低
C. It is not that I do not want to meet up with you tomorrow. Actually, I’m however engaged. (X)
不是我明天不想和妳見面。其實,我有其他事要忙。

3. 錯誤修正及解釋正確的句子如下:
A. Yet Kin likes to take a trip to Europe, still, her finances does not allow her. (X)
However Kin likes to take a trip to Europe, still, her finances does not allow her.     (O)
無論金恩多麼地想去歐洲,她的經濟情況仍不允許她去
解說:
Otherwise當連接詞時,是「否則」的意思,在本句中意思不符。而otherwise於本句中若當副詞解,則整個句子將欠缺連接詞,造成文法上的錯誤,故不得選之。However當連接詞時是「無論多麼地…」,恰符例句中要表達的意思。

B. The boss purchased however another notebook because the price was really low. (X)
The boss purchased yet another notebook because the price was really low. (O)
那位老闆又買了一台筆記型電腦,因為那價錢實在很低。
解說:
However當副詞時是「然而、儘管如此」之意,並非此例句所要表達的意思。Yet當副詞時,可做加強語氣用,例句中「purchase yet another notebook」即為「(又再)多買了一台筆記型電腦」。

C.  It is not that I do not want to meet up with you tomorrow. Actually, I’m yet engaged. (X)
It is not that I do not want to meet up with you tomorrow.  Actually, I’m otherwise engaged. (O)
不是我明天不想和妳見面。其實,我有其他事要忙
解說:

Yet可以當做副詞,意思為「又一次、尚未」之意,於本句中皆不適用。「有其他的事要忙」意即忙於「其他方面」之意,故選用otherwise。

 

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yield/churn out/bear/produce 「屈服/產生、製造、生產」的不同

 

1. 基本文法說明
Yield當作「提供、產生」之意,用於正面意義上。如: The hour-long negotiation finally yields beneficial results to both sides. (近一個小時的協商終於產生對雙方都有利的結果。)  Yield亦可作「屈服、放棄」解,如:The politician does not yield to any temptation. (那位政治家不向任何誘惑屈服。) Yield (名詞) 亦指股市收益、 殖利率,如:Yield Advantage (收益優勢),Yield Curve (收益曲線),positive yield curve (正向收益率曲線),Yield Curve Option-Pricing Models (收益曲線期貨標、模式),Yield Curve Strategies(收益曲線策略),Yield Equivalence (收益同等利率、收益等率),Yield Maintenance (收益維護),Yield Rate (殖利率、收益率) ,Yield Spread(收益率差),Yield to Adjusted Minimum Maturity (可調整的最短期限收益),Yield to Average Life (平均年限收益率),Yield to Call (購回時收益),Yield to Crash (臨界收益),Yield to Maturity (YTM) (到期收益),Yield to Put (賣出前收益),Yield to Worst (最少收益),Yielding (養券)。

Churn有「攪拌」的意思。而churn out指的是「粗糙地生產、(以自動方式)大量製造」之意。churn out若作「粗製濫造」解,如:churn out silly romantic novels 大量編造可笑的浪漫小說。若作「(以自動方式)大量製造」解,又如:The factory churns out hundreds of low-quality watches every single day. (那座工廠每天製造出上百隻手錶。)

Bear指的是「開花、結果實、生產(小孩)」,而可以引申作「產生」之意,用於正面意義上。如: Some cats bear their young in spring, and some in other seasons. (有些貓在春天生育,有些則在其他的季節。)  They are happy to see their hard work bear fruit. (他們很高興見到他們的辛苦開花結果。)

Produce是字義較廣,泛指各種形式的生產。如:New Zealand is a country, which produces lots of dairy products. (紐西蘭是一個生產許多乳製品的國家。)  She produced her a dinner out of the leftovers in the fridge. (她從冰箱裡的剩菜剩飯裡做出[生產出]她的晚餐。)

2. 錯誤發生情況及修正練習
仔細看看下列的句子,哪裡出了錯?又該如何修正?
A. In the end, the once-trustworthy legislator produced to the lure of money, too. (X)
最後,那位曾經得人信任的立法委員也屈服於金錢的誘惑。

B. The factory bears tens of thousands of cheap hairclips annually. (X)
這家工廠一年生產數十萬的便宜髮夾

C. Their eyes glisten when they see their efforts yielded fruit. (X)
當見到他們的努力開花結果時,他們的眼角泛著淚光

D. Italy churns out quality wine. (X)
義大利生產高品質的紅酒。

3. 錯誤修正及解釋正確的句子如下:
A.  In the end, the once-trustworthy legislator produced to the lure of money, too. (X)
In the end, the once-trustworthy legislator yielded to the lure of money, too. (O)
最後,那位曾經得人信任的立法委員也屈服於金錢的誘惑。
解說:
Yield是「提供、產生」之意,亦可作「屈服、臣服」解,而produce是一個字義較廣,泛指「生產」之意,沒有句中所要的「臣服」之意。故選用yield。

B.  The factory bears tens of thousands of cheap hairclips annually. (X)
The factory churns out tens of thousands of cheap hairclips annually. (O)
這家工廠一年生產數十萬的便宜髮夾
解說:
Bear的本義是「開花、結果實」,可引申做抽象意義的「生產」。而「工廠生產便宜髮夾」即不像植物一樣是「自然生產」,也不具「抽象」意思,故bear不適用於此。Churn out是「大量、粗糙生產」之意,意思相符。

C.  Their eyes glisten when they see their efforts yielded fruit. (X)
Their eyes glisten when they see their efforts bear fruit. (O)
當見到他們的努力開花結果時,他們的眼角泛著淚光。
解說:
Bear為「開花、結果實」之義,而片語bear fruit就是「開花結果、努力有成」的意思。沒有yield fruit這樣的用法。

D.  Italy churns out quality wine. (X)
Italy produces quality wine. (O)
義大利生產高品質的紅酒。
解說:

Churn out是「粗糙地生產」之意,與這裡的quality wine(高品質紅酒)矛盾。故選用字義較廣泛的produce,表「生產」之意。

 

 

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