二年計畫
(Fall/1999  ~  Spring 2001)
結案報告
I. 第二年工作重點

II. 兩年工作檢討與展望


編號 課程名稱
教師
2
文法與習作

樂麗琪

關鍵字: integration,generalization, internalization
I. 第二年工作重點

本課程設計第二年之工作重點為依英語語法及習作實際運用功能重新編排教學題材、加強學生觀摩習作及繼續蒐尋網路相關資源。
 

1. 線上多媒體教材更新運用 
由於本課程開設給大一學生,正確英語文法概念與認識寫作文體是基礎課程要求,因此教學上有整合性教科書的需求。然坊間文法寫作參考書籍之分類及編排方式,或是獨重文法分析、獨重寫作技巧,或是僅有題型練習、範例參考,故想找到適合程度又兼具需求的教材實在不易。故本課程第一年設計[文法與習作]課程網頁雛型,第二年重點在題材內容之課程設計重新規劃、多媒體教材製作、線上練習題材資料建構。期以多元化的題材互動下,引發學生因著視覺--空間(網路資源、圖片影像、多媒體講義)、邏輯—數理(語法文體規則假設、測試、分析歸納、修正)、自我認知(測驗評量、自我學習)、人我關係(討論分享、問題觀摩)等刺激加強語言智能的多元智慧發展。
 

2. 繼續E-grammar Project實驗以達文法觀念重整與合作學習之效
在E-grammar project 設計上,我選擇了中國學生常犯語法錯誤且時有困擾的兩個主題—1.英語動詞,2.標點符號運用;第一年主題為 “VERBS”,第二年主題訂為 “PUNCTUATION”。期盼藉此使學生對文法問題能有整理、分析、自我歸納能力以至能內化語法規則,並能以同儕學習達到互動溝通溝能。
 

3. 課程意見評量: 由於本課程為加強文法及寫作能力,第二年之課程評量放棄數據選取問題,改採用要求學生以書作表達對課程意見,同時評估學生語法與習作能力進步程度。(見Secret Garden及附件)
 

II. 兩年工作檢討與展望

1. 多元化學習方法 --受限於傳統之文法習作課無法在課程進行中達到充分溝通及相互觀摩目的,經由本課程多元化教材、電子郵件習作、網課留言版及討論區設置可補救進修部學生學習時間之不足,增加師生之互動機會,有助教師於課堂檢視學生學習效果。
本計劃設置課程網頁及連結網站,並提供學生運用本校英文系豐富英語學習資源,學生可主動尋求學習機會,並依需求自由選取、切換單元以練習文法題型、分析各種文體,強化學習效果。整體而言,學生對網路資源取得之方法及速度上,下學期皆較上學期有進展。不容諱言,對於習於被動接受資訊的學生而言,要改變學習習慣主動搜尋及消化課外學習主題是極大的困擾,另外,學生也有網路資源浩翰如海,無從下手之嘆;然多數學生也表達出藉由學習活動的資料蒐集,他們可以不同方式學習文法與加強寫作技巧。
為提供學生課外學習機會與加強文法、寫作輔導,本計劃執行第一年積極鼓勵學生參與”線上寫作教室”(The On-line Labs)、線上及時討論群(The On-line Chat room),雖說第二年由於系統重整及網課管理者問題,第一年成效無法在第二年同樣呈現,然在線上寫作教室仍可觀察到第一年參與學生仍持續自我學習、主動運用本項文法寫作輔導資源,由此可見線上語文輔導、自修管道的提供有其需要性與發展性。
 

2. 工欲善其事,必先利其器—對於人文學科背景之教師及學生而言,課程設計加入科技整合之網路媒體線上學習,有許多課題需突破。本計劃進行第一年(88學年度),不論是教師本身、研究助理、學生皆花費上學期將近 2/3 的時間適應電腦網路設定運用、課堂討論溝通的新學習模式,下學期初始亦有 1/4 時間花在網路使用技巧上;第二年(89學年度)課程原計劃於課堂上加上大量線上即時文法習作題型實作,然因為校內電腦教室安排不易、網課留言版(作業版)設定錯置、網課管理系統不穩定等問題,因此教師不得不改變原規劃方式,使用多媒體教材於普通教室進行以使課程進度得以維持。至89學年度下學期,除了有2位學生表示無法接受網課教學及只習慣於紙本閱讀學習,多數學生(其餘28位)表示已可擺脫對文法網課學習的焦慮,並會主動在網路上進行文法學習、交換文法習作心得。
比較兩年之教學成效發現第一年學生整體學習成就感較第二年之學生強,分析其原因發現電腦網路設定、運用適應期越短,學習成效越大。因88學年度進入電算中心實際操練機會較多(佔總教學時間1/3強),師生可於學期初始即有機會共同討論電腦網路設定及學習問題,教師可即時觀察及輔導學生學習情形。89學年度因無法排出電腦教室進行實作教學(因本課程非電腦相關課),僅有12小時(佔總課堂時間1/6)可進行共同操作課程;雖說教師改變教學方式為利用據網路連線設備教室進行課堂示範,課後學生再習作進行自我學習評量,因無法於學期初即建立好完整學習模式,學習適應期加長,網課學習焦慮感時間亦加大,相對學習成效打折許多。
 

3. 學習環境與模式之建立 --- [文法與習作]課程對大多數師生而言是有些無趣但又必要學習基本科目。本課程嘗試以學生討論網課、網路輔助教材之主題,增加文法及習作課堂活動進行;教師角色自單向課堂講授到師生雙向、多向交談式的多元化學習方式。對於英語文法課學習模式,傳統方式多習於”教師課堂講授、學生被動學習”為主,本課程期盼經由多元教材及學習方式之刺激,使學生對於文法問題能有主動學習、整理、分析、自我歸納,以至能內化建立正確文法觀念並能實踐於寫作練習中。
至第一年課程結束後,教師續教該班全體大二[語言學概論課程],其中一半學生已於大一時參與本計劃進行(實驗組),另一半學生於大一[文法習作]課以傳統課堂講授進行(對照組)。對於語言學習認知及正確態度 (LANGUAGE AWARENESS)上,課堂中明顯發現,不論是小組報告、問題討論或溝通活動,曾參與實驗組學個別學生之反應性及積極度多較對照組強。同時,比較與往年同課程之報告,實驗組個別學生在報告內容及呈現方式上,皆會運用大量網路資源作為題材,並能主動發掘和思考問題,且極具創意。至下學期,本課程要求各組報告需以POWERPOINT多媒體方式進行,學生整體合作表現度較上學期為高,然實驗組學生其報告成果呈現使用多媒體、影片、音樂較多,內容互動性較強,且以更多元觀點分析探討報告主題。
本計劃開始時原欲建立之學習環境與學習模式僅設定於[文法習作]單科,實驗組學生卻在第二年的[語言學概論]課程呈現更多元化學習方式造成正向影響語言學習興趣現象;此類持續學習模式現象,以及與其他語文課程產生相互關聯,對於身為英語教學者,其成效是一大鼓舞。
 

4.  溝通式教學活動 — 溝通式教學以學生為中心,以有意義的語境及雙向互動之語言溝通為學習導向。在溝通過程中使用語言作資訊分享、交換及處理時即會涉及資訊差距(information gap)、選取(choice)、回饋(feedback)等互動要素。
本課程除藉由溝通式教學理念設計課堂活動以求落實文法教學於語言實際運用功能,也藉著E-grammar Project實驗觀察學生學習成效。比較兩年之學習成果呈現出

A) 因本課程的開設為進修部大一學生,其對於學術報告及研究方法並無相對課程搭配,故各組報告內容呈現水準不一或有選用題例錯誤情形。但對於網頁製作技巧因系上有電腦資訊課程輔助,學生在E-grammar 網頁報告中呈現一定水準,由此可見若各課程設計上有相互關聯性,學生學習成果表現必為加乘。

B) 在本計劃中,第一年主題為 “VERBS”,學生小組網頁報告成果呈現對於英文動詞的掌握性較報告前強 (88學年度上學期 VS 下學期)。第二年主題訂為 “PUNCTUATION”,整體網頁內容成果雖不如第一年表現成熟;然學生多表示對於相關主題之文法規則更有概念,也發覺文法學習原來也可以有趣的運用,進而對英語文法產生興趣,甚至有成就感(在未提示課程主題情形下,學生期末評量結果顯示有43%喜歡”標點符號”,有17%學生對”動詞”喜愛;許多學生表達在報告完成後,對相關有更清楚的文法概念)。

C) 本計劃之學生小組網頁報告成果除提供其他學生參考範例;學生多認為因著文法題材選擇、討論,網頁報告設計製作,學生可接觸到更多元的學習方式,藉由文法專題報告訓練個別學生分析及綜合能力,並引導學生發掘和思考問題,激發其創造力。

D) 此種作業報告讓學生有機會以同儕學習、互動溝通方式學習文法,藉由小組內的討論、處理、分享資訊及小組間的互相觀摩、線上即時評量,學習法多元化的刺激,讓學生會主動規歸納(self-generalization)分析語法錯誤,發現中英語法差異--文法不再只是規則的記憶及背誦。以下摘錄兩位學生之feedback: 
“It is full of challenge for me, but it is helpful to learn English and to learn how to design homepages. I learn a lot from this homework.”
“From E-grammar project, it gives me the chances to design, use and also appreciate the result of every classmate’s efforts. What I get is more than what I knew.”


4. 同儕學習、教學相長 -- 對於教師本身而言,藉本計劃之執行,有機會再次探究文法教學者之定位與觀察各語言教學法於文法教學上對中國學生的適用性。也因為本計劃,受惠於參與教師群的專業素養,經過在多次的討論分享,對自我教學方式重行檢視及教學設計、題材內容做重整。此種藉不同領域課程教學經驗的互動分享及[同儕學習]使我獲益良多,除了讓自己對所教授之各語言科目之教學方式提昇與教材內容做更多整合性的整理,也開始有信心設計課程以課後輔助教學方式朝向非同步網課方式發展。
 

The Summary of Course Evaluation for
The Grammar & Writing Practice / 2001

1. What have you learned and not learned in this course (e.g., assignments, grammarconcepts, writing modes, practice approach)?

A. Students realize the concepts of grammar as well as modes of writing.B. Students have a brand-new experience of grammar learning which is quite          different from the one they had in high school.C. Students have improved their writing skills and learned how to write paragraphs. D. Students have learned how to use punctuation correctly in this course.E. Students learned how to correct the mistakes they often made.
2. What's your opinion about your class and about your own efforts?
A. The class lacks of good learning attitude and B. There are some students believe they should work harder. C. Some think this course is not easy, so they think they have to study hard.D. There are not enough learning activities.E. Students know how to improve their shortcomings and how to take more exercisesthey need.
3. Do you like the course content this semester? What do you think of the course materials?
A. There are too many course materials.B. Some students think the course contents and materials are too difficult for them.C. Although the use of computer is a burden to some students, they still like the method of learning grammar and writing. However, some do not.D. Some students will review the course materials during the summer vacation.E. Some students want the teacher to add more course materials.
4. Which topic do you like the most this semester?  What do you like the least?
A. There are 13% students choosing “Sentence combining skills;” 8%, “Parts of speech;” 13%, “Parallelism;” 43%, “Punctuation;” 4%, “Outlines;” and 17%, “Tenses.”B. However, two students don’t like “Punctuation,” while one doesn’t like “Sentence combining skills.” C. Some students think the E-grammar reports are interesting.
5. What do you think about online resources? Comparing with your experience at high school, which teaching approach do you like more? Give your reasons and suggestions.
A. The online resources are useful but students sometimes get lost among the huge amount of data.B. Because of the online resources, studying grammar has been no more a boring thing.C. Although some think online resources are a challenge to them, they still express the resources are helpful.D. Some students think that the most different part in University is that the course use various resources instead of textbooks.
6. you have any suggestions for the teacher and the classmates about how to improve the web class?
A. There should be more opportunity to practice the Internet & Computer skills.B. Students have computer course this year. Most of them can use computer very well.C. Students need to spend more time learning how to cooperate with others well.D. Some students hope the teacher to slow down when teaching.E. Some students think the resources are enough for them to learn.
7. Do you think you are making progress in English with my approach?
A. Students have a positive answer to the question because they have really practiced a lot.B. Some students suggest that the teacher put more activities in this course and they can have clearer idea of learning.C. Some students think that having grammar and writing at the same time might be a burden to them; while some think that they can be improved both at a time.D. Some students make a little progress because there are too many writing assignment.E. Some students think that their writing need to be improved a lot.
8. If you want to make further comments of any kind (positive or negative), you can do so in the space below. Thank You!
A. Students thank the teacher for her hard working and teaching.B. Students hold a positive attitude to the teacher’s teaching.C. Some students think that if they want to improve their English, they should do more exercises.D. Some students suggest the teacher not to be affected by the opinions of the students who do not really participate the class.