narration

Narration: From Free-Writing to Revision

We like to tell stories to ourselves to make sense of our life. Don't we do that every night when we dream?

Focused Free-Writing	Main Idea and Different Perspectives	Making your Story Concrete
	Elements of Narration

A. Focused Free-Writing

Sondra Perl's Composing Guidelines
Another possible start: Using an emotion to stimulate an idea.

"Think. Remember. Feel. Go back to your storehouse of personal sensory experiences. Dredge up the details and emotion of some half-forgotten event. Perhaps you can remember the anguish of a moment long ago when others seemed for some reason to forget you. Perhaps you still feel loneliness or fear or pain or delight from some experience you once had. . . " (West 274)

B. Your Main Idea Seen from Different Perspectives

After you get your story out, you should start to examine what your main idea is (which originally is a "felt sense" in the free-writing stage.) Here are some questions for you to approach the main idea:

Why do I want to write THIS story, but not the others? What sense do I make of the story?
From what perspective do I present the story and my main idea? What other perspectives can I take?
If you tell a story of your past, do you clearly remember the feelings and perspective you had then?
Do I want to stay with the chosen perspective or change another one? Do I want to use multiple perspectives? If so, how do I do it, with dialogue, with asterisks (***) or with interior monologue?
If you want to be creative, you can even consider using an unreliable narrator or a second-person ("you") narrator.

You can also tell the story to your friend or groupmate and ask him/her to re-tell it to you (say back). See if s/he takes a different perspective than you do, and then you can re-consider the effectiveness of the perspective you take.

C. Making your Story Concrete: Effective Presentation
After you are done with the second draft and have a clear sense of your main idea, you can then consider the effectiveness of your presentation.

Concrete presentation mean appropriate use of details (sensory details, description, and dialogue).

Remember that description can slow down your pace, so you do not do it all the time in your story. In other words, usually in a story, you want to take turns to "show" and "tell."
Dialogue is usually very effective.
Do you want to spell out your main idea at the end? Or just use a concrete detail to suggest it?

Elements of Narration In order for a narration to be interesting and meaningful, it must have the following elements:

1. Emotion. Writing is really such hard work that people ought not to bother writing something with which they are not emotionally involved. What emotions are apparent in each selection? How strongly is the narrator involved? What indications are there in the models of strong emotional involvement?

2. Action. Something happens; that is tension increases and conflict intensifies as various events occur. In simple stories, the action is very often physical--fights, calamities, contests--but in more subtle stories the action may be emotional or intellectual. The action, however, whether it is exterior and visible or interior and invisible, causes the situation to change so that conditions are different at the end of the story from the way they were at the beginning. This movement, or development, is important.
3. Suspense. Each passage suggests that something is going to happen so that the reader eagerly anticipates the outcome of these events. to build suspense, you plant seeds that hint at conflicts, problems, mysteries. You promise the reader that you will show the plants in bloom and all conflicts, problems, and mysteries solved at the end of the story. suspense is a vital factor in building and retaining the interest of the reader.

4. Structure, or order. Events in real life happen in a definite order--the order of time. But in discovering meaning in the events or in imposing a meaning on them, the writer may need to arrange then differently from the order in which they originally occurred. Whether writers use straight chronological order or determine a new order, they are going structure to their narrative in order to heighten suspense and make incidents and events more meaningful.

5. Point or purpose. Although everyone loves a story and thousands of narratives are written and read only for entertainment, the best stories have a purpose or meaning of some kind. Indeed, even those written and told for their own sakes, often make some kind of statement o human beings, human values, or some aspect of life. To get the most satisfaction from the effort that goes in to writing a narrative, select an incident in which you can discover a meaning or an event on which you can impose meaning. Sometimes the meaning is an overall impression or attitude. At other times it is an idea that can be expressed in a single sentence. What are the meanings of the models?

6. Point of view. In every narrative, someone (or something) tells the story, and this person ot animal or thing marks the story with his or her personal imprint. Imagine how much different the story of the " Three Little Pigs" or of " Little Red Riding Hood" would be if, in each case, the wolf told the story! If you will probably use " I" o "we", which is called first-person narrator. Occasionally, you may write a first-person narrative when you are relating events in the life of a fictional character, rather than yourself. In those cases, you have "assumed a persona," or taken on the role of another person, much as an actor does. You then speak consistently from that person's point of view--seeing things as he or she sees them, reacting as that person would, and even using the language appropriate for the character. Sometimes, when you are reading narratives, it is difficult to separate the author from the persona he or she is "speaking through." For example. Ernest Hemingway really did participate in the Spanish Civil War and go on safaris in Africa. Yet sometimes when one of his characters tells about those experiences, ut us a persona, or imagined character, rather than Hemingway who is speaking is sometimes important in getting the meaning of a narrative. Another point of view often used in narration is third-person narrator. When telling a story from that point of view, you relate events as though you were an onlooker, and you use the pronouns "he," "she," "it," or "they." Of course, you already know that when you are telling a story that making up a story, then you are presenting fiction.
&. Effective description. Concrete details create images, or pictures, in the readers' minds and make the events in the narrative come alive. (West 271-73)

References:

West. William W. Developing Writing Skills. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1996.